The V-type of engine has two rows of cylinders set normally at a ninety degree angle to each other. The main advantages of this include it's short length, great rigidity of the block, its heavy crankshaft for stability, and attractive low profile. This is a tried and tested engine design with huge performance potential. We normally seen designs come in a V6, V8, V10 and V12 configurations especially in motorsport applications.
In sports applications, having the engine as low to the floor as possible increases the car's handling characteristics, as it will naturally have a lower centre of gravity ( not on par with boxer engines for this but still very good). Also having a strong engine with built in rigidity can mean the difference in endurance races, making the V type engine design an ideal choice for Motorsport applications.
With this type of engine it is possible to have a very high compression ratios, without block distortion under extreme loads and it is not uncommon to see high revving applications with 19,000 rpm's.
This makes it a strong and robust design for high performance applications and has been used in F1 for instance. Also with it's resistance to torsional vibration, the engine characteristics produce a smooth and refined engine and can be found in many high end performance road cars.
Another attribute for this compact engine design is a shorter car length without losing passenger room. In 1914, Cadillac was the first company in the United States to use a V-8 engine in its cars. From there America has fallen in love with the V type engine and the 50's and 60's produced some of the best Muscle cars.
Boxer Engine.
In 1896, Karl Benz invented the first internal combustion engine with it's horizontally opposed pistons. This Boxer or Flat engine as it is known, is an design with multiple pistons that all move in the horizontal plane. The most popular and significant layout has cylinders arranged in two banks on either side of a single crankshaft, generally known as "boxers". This is because the two pistons join together in the middle of TDC ( Top Dead Centre). This is similar to two boxers touching gloves at the beginning of a bout and is the origins of the name appointed to the engine design.
Flat engines have a lower center of gravity than any other common configuration, so vehicles using them should benefit from better stability and control during cornering. But they are also wider than more traditional configurations and the extra width causes problems fitting the engine into the engine bay of a front-engined car. Subaru have been producing AWD front engined cars for some time now, so where there's a will they is a way.
Boxer engines are one of only three cylinder layouts that have a natural dynamic balance; the others being the Straight/ Inline 6 cylinder and the V12 design. This makes for a smooth and harmonious engine at idle.
Boxer/ Flat engines tend to be nosier then other designs due to the lack of airboxes and other components in the engine bay. They have a engine characteristic of smoothness throughout the Rev range and when combined with a mounting position immediately ahead of the rear axle, offer a low center of gravity and largely neutral handling characteristics.
Rotary Engine.
The Rotary or Wankel engine as it is know has no pistons, it uses rotors instead. This engine is small, compact and has a curved, oblong inner shape. Its central rotor turns in one direction only, but it produces all four OTTO strokes (intake, compression, power and exhaust) effectively as it rotates.
The only production car to still have a Rotary/ Wankel engine design in production today is the Masda RX-8 and previous RX-7 models.
The Rotary/ Wankel engine is limited by its inherent restriction on breathing capacity due to the need for the fuel/air mixture to be aspirated through the hollow crankshaft and crankcase, which directly affected its volumetric efficiency, also low torque levels are a known problem and the engine has design limitations. Turbocharging this engine is one of the easiest ways around these deficiencies and was seen in the RX-7.
The rotational forces of the mass of the Rotary/ Wankel engine's weight produce a powerful gyroscopic flywheel effect. This smooths out the power delivery and reduces vibration. Vibration had been such a serious problem on conventional piston engines that heavy flywheels had to be added to the overall engine design to help counteract the effects.
The cylinders themselves functioned as a flywheel, Rotary engines gained a substantial power-to-weight ratio advantage over more conventional engines. Another advantage was improved cooling, as the rotating cylinder block created its own fast-moving airflow, even at standstill.
Dispensing with separate cylinders, pistons, valves and crankshaft, the rotary engine applies power directly to the transmission. It's construction allows it to provide the power of a conventional engin
